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    • 专利摘要:
    Endophytic Honqos HTF58 Alternaria alternata and HRO8 Fusarium acuminatum of Artemisia thuscula and Austrian Artemisia as antifungals for agricultural use # Diseases and pests are an important agricultural problem. The present invention proposes new products with biocidal activity obtained from endophytic fungi. More specifically, the invention relates to extracts obtained from endophytic fungi of Artemisia spp., Which exhibit biocidal activity of interest in agriculture, which makes them an alternative to the chemically synthesized products traditionally used. Specifically, the biocidal activity is exerted against pathogenic fungi that affect crops of great economic importance. These extracts come from natural sources, can be obtained in large quantities by cultivation in bioreactors and can be used in the formulation of phytosanitary products directly or subjected to appropriate techniques to obtain fractions/subfractions/compounds with defined activity. (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)
    公开号:ES2696982A1
    申请号:ES201700680
    申请日:2017-07-21
    公开日:2019-01-21
    发明作者:Andrea Cosoveanu；Perez Raimundo Cabrera
    申请人:Universidad de La Laguna；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    [0001]
    [0002] Endophytic fungi HTF58 Alternaria alternata and HRO8 Fusarium acuminatum from Artemisia thuscula and Austrian Artemisia as antifungals for agricultural use.
    [0003]
    [0004] Sector of the technique
    [0005]
    [0006] The present invention relates to the obtaining of extracts of certain endophytic fungal strains of Artemisia thuscula (HTF58 Alternaria alternata) and of Austrian Artemisia (HRO8 Fusarium acuminatum) which have antifungal activity of agricultural application. Therefore, the invention could be encompassed in the field of agriculture, more specifically in the agrochemical industry in the field of biocides comprising substances produced or extracted from microorganisms. In this case, the use of the bioactive extracts obtained by the cultivation of said fungal strains could be used as a phytosanitary product (s).
    [0007]
    [0008] BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
    [0009]
    [0010] The extracts obtained from natural sources as well as the molecules isolated and identified from them, with biocidal activity, have become one of the main challenges in the research and development of new drugs. These natural sources provide a greater field of action and less toxicity compared to the synthesis products and sources traditionally used.
    [0011]
    [0012] On the other hand, there is also the need to control pests and agricultural pathogens in a respectful way with the environment since in a traditional way, most of the pesticides come from the chemical synthesis implying a high economic and environmental cost. Currently, interest has been directed, due to public and political pressure, towards the use of products that respect nature in agricultural production, including those from natural sources.
    [0013]
    [0014] In many developed countries, in spite of existing regulations (eg: Montreal Protocol in 1987, Rotterdam Convention in 2004, Stockholm Convention in 2006, International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides - Guidelines for the development of pest and pesticide management policies, FAO 2010) and its tools (Maximum Residue Levels (MRL), IPM (Integrated Pest Management, with special emphasis on biological control), etc.), there are still reports of high incidences of contamination and poisoning of users, agricultural workers and general population by pesticides, so that food safety related to pesticide residues is a very worrisome issue at the political and social level.
    [0015]
    [0016] Furthermore, resistance to traditional phytochemicals or their ineffectiveness against certain agricultural pathogens is abundantly documented as a growing and widespread phenomenon (Georghiou, GP & Saito.T., 1979. Pest resistance to pesticides, Georghiou, 1986. Pesticide resistance, 14- 44; Tabashnik & Roushr, 1990. Pesticide resistance in arthropods: 1 3.). This phenomenon together with the growing world agricultural demand has led to a progressive need for effective biopesticides, of natural origin, respectful of the environment and human and animal health.
    [0017]
    [0018] There is an urgent need to find natural fungicide products, taking into account the upcoming withdrawal of many of the products of chemical origin of synthesis currently permitted by the responsible authorities (Regulation (EC) No. 1107/2009, European Directive 2009/128 / CE, FIFRA Act of the United States EPA, Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures of the WTO, International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides-Guidelines for the development of management policies for pests and pesticides, FAO 2010). Within this scenario, the search for alternative active compounds to those of synthetic chemical origin, effective, which reduce the occurrence of cross-resistance, do not present undesirable toxic effects and of natural origin, is a good alternative.
    [0019]
    [0020] Endophytes, microorganisms that reside in the interstitial spaces of plants without causing harm, are a group of relatively poorly studied organisms and represent a potential source of new natural products with medical, agricultural and industrial applications. In a more concrete way, the endophytic fungi establish a symbiotic interaction with their host that improves the ecological adaptation of the plant to the ecosystem; increasing tolerance to stress, changes in temperature and salinity, resistance to diseases, herbivores, nematodes, bacteria and fungi (Aly et al., 2010, Fungal Diversity 41: 1-16, Swarthout et al., 2009, Environ. Exp. Bot. 66, 88-93; XM Wang et al., 2015, J. Basic Microbiol 55, 659-670; Coombs et al., 2004, Biol. Control 29, 359-366; Jaschke et al., 2010, Plant Pathol, 59, 100-111).
    [0021]
    [0022] This symbiotic relationship has been confirmed, since the plants nourish and protect the fungus and it produces bioactive substances (antifungal, antibacterial, insecticidal, growth hormones, etc.) to increase the growth and competitiveness of the host (Carroll, 1988, Ecology vol.69, n ° 1, pp. 2-9, Schulz and Boyle, 1998, Mycol. Res. 109, 661-686, Clay, 1990, Annu., Rev. Ecol Syst. 21, 275: 297). Increased resistance to pests and diseases has been reported in several interactions between host and endophyte plants (Breen, 1994. Annu. Rev. Entomol., 39, 401-423 ;; Xiao et al., 2014. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 62 (16), pp. 3584-3590). Many endophytes of the same species are often isolated from the same plant and only one or a few strains produce compounds with marked biological activity in isolated culture (Li et al., 1996, Microbiology, 142, pp. 2223-2226).
    [0023]
    [0024] Gary A. Strobel (2003, Microbes and Infection, 5: 535-544) theorized that the intimate association between the endophyte and its host plant led to the production of a greater number and diversity of biological molecules, compared with epiphytes or microorganisms associated with the soil. On the other hand, Alfonsus Alvin, Miller & Neilan (2014, Microbiological Research, 169 (7-8): 483-95), stressed that the symbiotic nature of this relationship indicates that the bioactive compounds of the endophyte have a reduced cellular toxicity since these chemical compounds do not kill the host's eukaryotic cells.
    [0025]
    [0026] Consequently, researchers have focused their studies on the use of endophytes against pests and plant diseases (B Schulz et al., 2002, Mycology Research 106: 996-1004), human pathogens (Alfonsus Alvin et al., 2014, Microbiological Research , 169 (7-8): 483-95) and as a source of new drugs (Suryanarayanan et al., 2009, Fungal Biology Reviews, 23.9-19).
    [0027] In some cases, the same substances can be produced by both the endophyte and the host plant (Stierle et al., 1993, Science 260 (5105): 214-6, Strobel & Hess, 1997, Chemistry & Biology, 4; 529 -536; Lee at al., 1995, J. Org. Chem. 60, 7076-7077; Kusari et al., 2008, J. Nat. Prod. 71: 159-162; Kusari et al., 2008, J. Nat. Prod. 71, 159-162; Kusari et al., 2012, World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 28, 1287-1294; Shu et al., 2014, World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Doi: 10.1007 / s11274- 014-1737-6; Na et al., 2016, Microbiol. Res. 192, 114-121). However, production costs for obtaining bioactive compounds are lower in the case of the use of microorganisms and the benefits are greater (Wang et al., 2014, Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 8 (5), 3729- 3738).
    [0028]
    [0029] As mentioned previously, one of the main areas of application of these new molecules from endophytic fungi is agriculture, specifically in the control of pests and diseases that affect crops and cause so many losses. Of the numerous existing agricultural diseases, the pathologies originated by fungi are one of the most widespread parasitic diseases worldwide, with high rates of infection and mortality that cause considerable economic losses to the global agricultural sector (Agrios, 2005, Plant Pathology).
    [0030]
    [0031] The traditional treatment of fungal diseases is based on the use of synthetic fungicides with the well-known problems of resistance and contamination derived from their use. Thus, all the information presented reveals the importance existing in the research and search of potential natural fungicidal substances applicable in agriculture.
    [0032]
    [0033] Within the extensive existing range of plants, Artemisia stands out as a highly evaluated genus for medical and agricultural use. A review of the literature shows that this plant genus is in the crosshairs of researchers with more than 11,200 publications in Scopus.
    [0034]
    [0035] Keep in mind that Artemisia is a cosmopolitan genre and usually little attacked by pests and diseases. It also includes plant species used in traditional medicine and known for their various properties. These properties could be partially due to the presence of active endophytic fungi and to the existence of active products metabolized both by the plant and by the endophytes. Proof of them is that they have been previously isolated from Artemisia spp. Endophytic fungi with biocidal activity (Yixin Qian et al., 2014, Chiang Mai J. Sci.41 (4): 910-921; Liu et al., 2001, Journal of Biotechnology, 88: 277-282; Lu et al. 2000, Plant Science, 151: 67-73, Zou et al., 2000, Plant Science, 151: 67 73).
    [0036]
    [0037] The biological activity of the endophytic fungi associated with Artemisia spp. It is abundant as for example in active strains of A. annua (Liu et al., 2001, Journal of Biotechnology, 88: 277-282, Li et al., 2009, Chínese Journal of Natural Medicines 2009 Vol.7 No.5 pp. 354-356 ref.12; JW Wang, Zhang, & Tan, 2001, Biotechnology letters; H. Zhang, Bai, & Wu, 2012, Bangladesh J. Pharmacology; 7: 120-123; JW Wang, Zheng, & Tan, 2006, Chinese Journal of Biotechnology, Sep; 22 (5): 829-34).
    [0038]
    [0039] In our case, the endophytic fungi of Artemisia thuscula and Austrian Artemisia described here correspond to strain HTF58 Alternaria alternata and HRO8 Fusarium acuminatum, respectively. These strains of Alternaria alternata (HTF58) and Fusarium acuminatum (HRO8) as endophytic fungi of Artemisia spp. They present biocidal activity against Botrytis cinerea. Alternaria alternata, Alternaria linariae, Alternaria solani, Alternaria, grandis, Alternaria brassicicola, Alternaria dauci, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium culmorum and Colletotrichum lundemuthianum.
    [0040]
    [0041] Botrytis cinerea is a phytopathogenic fungus of great importance because the main crop it affects is the vine (Vitis vinifera), one of the most economically important crops in the world. But B. cinerea also affects other types of crops no less important such as soft fruits (eg strawberries) or ornamental flower crops (eg roses). These plant diseases are prevented and controlled mainly by the use of healthy seeds (disinfection treatment), resistant varieties or the application of chemical fungicides such as tebuconazole, cyprodinil, clortalonil, pyrimethanil or methyl thiophanate.
    [0042]
    [0043] Fusarium graminearum, is a phytopathogenic fungus that basically attacks cereals. One of the most important crops worldwide affected by this pathogen is wheat, and its prevention and treatment is usually based on the use of resistant genotypes, diversification of the sowing period and the application of chemical fungicides.
    [0044]
    [0045] Fusarium culmorum also affects cereal crops (wheat, barley, rice, millet, sorghum, etc.) mainly in the field but also in storage. Therefore, it is considered currently one of the major pests in grain crops, although it also affects monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous crops.
    [0046]
    [0047] Generally in the treatment of diseases caused by Fusarium spp. And other fungi are used systemic fungicides such as benzimidazoles, in this group include benomyl, carbendazim, thiabendazole, and thiophanate. (Agrios, 2005, Plant Pathology).
    [0048]
    [0049] Colletotrichum lundemuthianum, is a pathogenic fungus that mainly affects the cultivation of beans (beans, Phaseolus vulgaris), causing the disease known as anthracnose or black spot. The cultivation of beans is of great importance and global economic interest and this phytopathogen causes considerable losses. Its control is usually based on cultural practices, use of certified seed and chemical control (azoxystrobin, propiconazole, tebuconazole, thiophanate methyl ...).
    [0050]
    [0051] I would alternate spp. It includes the main fungal species responsible for the disease known as alternariosis (black spots on leaves, stems, flowers and fruits). As an example, we can name some of the most important phytopathogenic species due to their agricultural importance: A. dauci (pathogen of the carrot), A.brassicicola (pathogen of cruciferous), A. alternata (pathogen of more than 300 plant species), A. solani, A. grandis and A. linariae (solanaceous pathogens). Diseases caused by Alternaria spp. they are controlled mainly through the use of resistant varieties, of treated or disease-free seeds and through chemical sprays with fungicides such as chlorothalonil, maneb, captafol, mancozeb and fentin hydroxide (Agrios, 2005, Plant Pathology).
    [0052]
    [0053] Contrarily, Alternaria alternata as an endophyte of several host plants, is known to produce novel bioactive molecules such as: altenuene derivatives, isocoumarin and other metabolites (host plant: Camellia sinensis) (Ying Wang, Yang, Wang, Li, & Kong, 2014. Phytotherapy, Dec., 99: 153-8); diketopiperazines, effective inhibitors of Plasmopara viticola (host plant: Vitis vinifera) (Musetti et al., 2007, Micron 38, 643 650), alternariol, alternariol monomethylether, 5-epi-altenuene, altenuene, uridine, adenosine, ACTG toxin-E , ergosta-4,6,8,22-tetraen-3-one and ergosta-7,24 (28) -dien-3-ol (host plant: Maytenus hookeri) (Ma. Qiao, Quan-Shi, Zhang, & Gao, Chem. Nat. Compd. (2010) 46: 504). Alternaria alternata has also been found as an endophyte with diverse biocidal activity in several Artemisia species: A. lavandulifolia, A. argyi, A. brachyloba, A. scoparia, A. subulata and A. tangutica (Cosoveanu et al., 2016, Mycosphere 7 (2): 102-117).
    [0054]
    [0055] Fusarium acuminatum as a phytopathogen, can cause serious losses in certain crops (sunflower, pigeon pea, etc.). However, several species of the genus Fusarium spp. they have been located as endophytic fungi of different host plants and compounds with very significant biocidal activity have been obtained, such as: paclitaxel (taxol) (Li CT et al., 2008, Journal of Medical Biochemistry, 27: 454-458; Chakravarthi et al., Journal of Biosciences, 2008; 33: 259-267; Deng et al., World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology.
    [0056] 2009; 25: 139-143), podofillotoxin (Kour et al., World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2008; 24: 1115-1121), camptothecin (Shweta et al., Phytochemistry., 2010; 71: 117-122), vinblastine and vincristine (Zhao et al., 2010, In: Current research, Technology and Education Topics in Applied Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, A-Mendez Vilas (Ed), 567-576). In addition, Fusarium spp., Have been found as endophytes of species of the genus Artemisia, such as: A. argyi (Qian et al., Chiang Mai J. Sci. 2014; 41 (4): 910 921), A. annua (Yuan et al., 2011, Plant Biosystems, Vol.145, Iss.2, Zhang et al., 2012, Bangladesh J Pharmacology; 7: 120-123) and A. nilagirica (Myrchiang et al., 2014, JAdv. Lab.Res.Biol., 5: 112-119), with different bioactive properties.
    [0057] Despite all of these previously mentioned investigations, it is of great importance to point out that none of these two species of Alternaria alternata and Fusarium acuminatum have previously been found as endophytes of the host species Artemisia thuscula and Austrian Artemisia, respectively.
    [0058]
    [0059] In the present invention, the biocidal activity of extracts obtained from certain strains of endophytic fungi of Artemisia thuscula (Strain HTF58 Alternaria alternata) and Austrian Artemisia (Strain HRO8 Fusarium acuminatum) is demonstrated. Specifically, it describes a considerable antifungal activity of application in the agricultural sector against several phytopathogens of economic importance.
    [0060]
    [0061] Explanation of the invention
    [0062]
    [0063] The technical issue that deals with the present invention is the search for new natural products, from extracts obtained from the cultivation of endophytic fungi, and that due to their biocidal activity can be used in the control of phytopathogens, especially fungi, in an effective and Respectful with the environment, as an alternative to the use of chemical biocides of synthesis.
    [0064]
    [0065] In the present invention, the production and use of bioactive extracts of endophytic fungi isolated from plants of the Artemisia thuscula and Artemisia austriaca species as antifungals against pathogens of agricultural interest plants with potential capacity to be developed as commercial phytosanitary products is described. In the present invention it is clear that the bioactive extracts of these two endophytic fungi species of Artemisia spp. showed a considerable biocidal activity.
    [0066]
    [0067] The endophytic fungi described here, HTF58 Alternaria alternata and HRO8 Fusarium acuminatum were obtained from the stalks of Artemisia and Austrian Artemisia, respectively. The plant material from which the samples were obtained was analyzed "in situ", being exclusively selected those plants that did not show any sign of disease or pest attack, more specifically, the sample of A. thuscula, from which the strain was obtained HTF58 Alternaria alternata of the present invention was harvested in Tenerife (Mesa Mota, San Cristobal de La Laguna) and the Austrian A. sample, from which the strain HRO8 Fusarium acuminatum described in the present invention was obtained, was collected in Romania , specifically in Corbu.
    [0068]
    [0069] The stems were cut, labeled and stored in zip-lock bags inside paper bags and kept at a temperature of 4-5 ° C until arriving at the laboratory and processed within the first 24 hours of arrival. These stems were superficially sterilized to eliminate any epiphytic organism: first they were washed with sterilized water, then submerged in 70% ethanol for 1 minute, followed by immersion in 15% sodium hypochlorite for 1 minute, again in 70% ethanol for 1 minute and finally washed with distilled sterilized water. After this process, the plant material was dried on a sheet of sterile filter paper, excised with a sterile scalpel in 2 cm fragments and these finally cut longitudinally. The longitudinal section of these segments corresponding to the interior of the plant, was placed in contact with the nutritive dextrose agar medium (PDA) in Petri dishes and incubated at 25 ° C in the dark for 2 weeks with daily observation.
    [0070]
    [0071] Each colony emerged from these segments was later isolated and identified, by its morphology. This identification was finally confirmed by the molecular identification analysis of the strains based on the amplification and sequencing of the ribosomal ITS region of the rDNA extracted from a mycelium sample (White et al., 1990, In: PCR-Protocols and Applications - A Laboratory Manual, pp.315-322).
    [0072] Once the fungus was isolated, a preliminary experiment was carried out to find out the potential as an antagonist of phytopathogenic fungi. As a consequence of the presented antagonistic activity, it was decided to make an extract of the pure culture in order to evaluate its fungicidal potential. The extract was obtained after cultivation of the endophyte fungus in rice for three weeks by the following known process: 200 ml of ethyl acetate were poured onto grains of rice covered with mycelium, sealed and allowed to stand for 24 hours. In the case of Fusarium acuminatum, several extractions were carried out in ethyl acetate, methanol and ethanol, showing better bioactivity in the latter.
    [0073]
    [0074] By "extract" is meant the result of the culture obtained after the growth and development of the endophyte fungus on the culture medium, (organic and / or synthetic) which encompasses all the compounds of the invention and which may be a dry extract obtained by extraction with organic solvent after filtration, or a lyophilized. The product of the invention is the crude product obtained from the culture of the fungus but also any successive fraction or subfraction obtained from said initial product and which is obtained by the fractionation techniques included in the description.
    [0075]
    [0076] In our case, the product obtained from the culture was removed from the medium and filtered through filter paper (Whatman No. 1) by vacuum using a Buchner funnel. The extraction was repeated three times. The solvent was removed by evaporation under vacuum, using a Buchi® Vacuum Controller V-800 (350-100 mbar, at T = 50 ° C). The extract was finally dried in a desiccator with orange silica gel (Sigma-Aldrich). Once dry, the extract was weighed and maintained at a temperature of 5 ° C.
    [0077]
    [0078] The isolation of the compounds that are included in the scope of the invention starting from the product is carried out by fractionation techniques known to any expert in the state of the art. Those used in the scope of the invention have been, for example and without limitation: vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC), column chromatography (CC), preparative thin layer chromatography (PTLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), eluting with different polarity gradients by different combinations of organic solvents.
    [0079]
    [0080] It is necessary to clarify that the culture product of the invention refers to the crude product that is obtained after the culture of the mycelium of the endophyte fungus with capacity to produce the compounds of the invention in a culture medium, but also any successive fraction or subfraction obtained from said initial product and obtained by any of the fractionation techniques collected above.
    [0081]
    [0082] As the person skilled in the art will know, it is possible to obtain different fractions from the crude extract, each of which comprises a different composition of bioactive compounds, and which in turn can be sub-fractionated again and again until the subfraction is constituted by a simple mixture and / or a single bioactive compound. This biocidal activity of the extracts of the invention is not exclusively explained by the activity of a particular molecule. The chemical subdivisions carried out by the inventors, the determination of bioactive compounds and the biocidal activity assays, make it possible to identify the activity of other compounds that could act synergistically.
    [0083]
    [0084] Within the scope of the present invention are not only all the component molecules of the extract of each endophytic fungus, but all its stereoisomers and mixtures thereof (diastereomic, racemic, etc.), as well as acceptable salts and solvates of all the compounds that fall within the scope of the invention or any other compound that, when applied to a plant pathogen, is capable of providing (directly or indirectly) the biocidal activity described herein. The compounds that fall within the scope of the invention may be in crystalline form as free compounds or as solvates. The solvation methods are of general knowledge within the art.
    [0085]
    [0086] By biocidal activity in the present invention, it is understood the ability to control at least one pathogen that affects plants through different mechanisms of action. In the present invention, examples of pathogens are included, but not limited to: phytopathogenic fungi. This antifungal capacity was evaluated and contrasted using specific assays to inhibit the growth of the mycelium of the pathogenic fungus in plates with solid and liquid media.
    [0087] It is noteworthy that several extracts were made from different cultures of the endophytic fungi treated here (HTF58 and HRO8) that proved to maintain their fungicidal activity. This fact shows the high degree of stability of the strains and their high biocidal power.
    [0088]
    [0089] The crude extracts of both endophytes were subjected to fractionation processes, previously mentioned, to check their efficacy against several pathogens as well as to try to isolate and identify the molecules responsible for this biocidal activity. The fractions obtained for each of the endophytes and their biocidal activity described here were the following:
    [0090]
    [0091] • Fractions of the endophytic fungus HTF58 Alternaria alternata, obtained from A. thuscula: from the biomass of the culture of this endophyte an extract was obtained with ethyl acetate, called HTF58_1, whose effect was proven on the growth of Botryitis cinerea, with a value of % l = 89.88 (4.71) at 0.5 mg / ml.
    [0092]
    [0093] In the first phase of fractionation of this extract, the methanolic fraction obtained by vacuum column chromatography (VLC), called HTF58_F1, showed a significant inhibition to the growth of Botrytis cinerea (% l = 96.49, at 0.1 mg / ml).
    [0094]
    [0095] Subsequent subdivisions were made increasing the polarity with the fractions. The process was guided by the results obtained in the bioassays and in thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the final subfraction was obtained called HTF58_1_F1F1_A. All these subfractions exceptionally inhibited the growth of Botrytis cinerea (see "Preferred embodiment of the invention", Table 5).
    [0096]
    [0097] • Fractions of the endophytic fungus HRO8 Fusarium acuminatum, obtained from Austrian A. A methanolic extract was obtained from its initial biomass, called extract 2 (HRO8_2). This extract was tested against Alternaria alternata, Alternaria solani, Alternaria linariae, Alternaria grandis, Alternaria brassica, Alternaria dauci, Fursarium graminearum, Fusarium culmorum and Colletorichum lundemuthiamun. Of all these pathogens, Alternaria alternata was the most sensitive to the active compounds of this extract, with a growth inhibition of 63.04% at 0.5 mg / ml. This extract also showed relevant activity against the other previously mentioned pathogens. The concrete results can be found in the following section (see Preferential embodiment of the invention, Table 6).
    [0098]
    [0099] From this extract HRO8_2, several guided fractions were obtained based on the results obtained in the bioassays using different elution systems increasing the polarity with the fractions The most active fraction compared to the mitopathogens previously exposed was the fraction obtained with ethyl acetate: methanol (90:10), named HRO8_2_F1 (see the next section "Preferred embodiment of the invention", Table 7-9).
    [0100]
    [0101] The following fractions that were made from this fraction F1R08_2_F1 resulted in the subfraction HRO8_2_F1F1 very active against A. alternata (% l = 40.23 (11.14), at 0.05 mg / ml).
    [0102] Finally, with the intention of offering a comparative vision of the effectiveness of the fractions of the extracts of the endophytic fungi described here, in contrast to the chemical synthesis products traditionally used against pathogenic fungi; an experiment of growth inhibition was carried out with Clotrimazole (fungicide for medical use). The results of the growth inhibition percentage of 8. cinerea and A. alternata relative to the use of the extracts HTF58_1 and HRO8_2 of the strains of the invention against Clotrimazole, are presented below in the
    [0103]
    [0104] Table 1.
    [0105]
    [0106] Table 1. Comparison of the percentage of growth inhibition of the pathogen according to the product applied at 0.5mg / ml.
    [0107]
    [0108]
    [0109]
    [0110]
    [0111] It is important to clarify that not all fungi of the genera Alternaria and Fusarium have the capacity to produce the compounds of the invention. Although it is the host plant endophyte interaction that confers the fungus certain characteristics that enable the production of certain compounds, then these fungi are able to continue producing them when grown in isolation in the laboratory. As mentioned above, the present invention not only provides the products obtained from the culture of both strains but also the different compounds that give rise to the biocidal activity.
    [0112]
    [0113] For this reason, in the present invention, by fungus of the genus Alternaria and of the genus Fusarium with capacity to produce the compounds of the invention, it is understood any strain of these genera that due to its interaction with the host plant has developed the necessary characteristics for produce the crop products / extracts / compounds of the invention. Preferably the strain HTF58 of Alternaria alternata and the strain HRO8 of Fusarium acuminatum. isolated from the stems of Artemisia thuscula and Austrian Artemisia, respectively, deposited with date 03/23/2017 in the Spanish Collection of Cultures Type with deposit number CECT20971 and CECT20972 following the Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms to the purposes of the Patent Procedure, or mutants thereof that maintain the biocidal capacity described herein.
    [0114]
    [0115] By the term mutant, is meant a fungus that is obtained from the corresponding strains with deposit number CECT20971 and CECT20972 of the invention and which is characterized by maintaining the biocidal capacity referred to herein. A mutant is understood as a "variant" of the initial or original microorganism The person skilled in the art will understand that mutants that retain the characteristics and advantages of the strains of the invention can be obtained routinely, for example by spontaneous mutagenesis or mutation directed, using the strains of the invention as starting material.
    [0116]
    [0117] The main technical advantages of these culture products, extracts, fractions, subfractions and / or compounds, included within the scope of the invention are listed below:
    [0118] - They come from natural sources, and can be obtained by simple and inexpensive procedures.
    [0119]
    [0120] - can be obtained on a large scale by growing the microorganism in bioreactors and the culture conditions can be manipulated to increase the production of the active components.
    [0121]
    [0122] - are uniquely effective against fungi compared to chemical synthesis products (see Table 1).
    [0123]
    [0124] - Crude extracts can be used directly in the formulation of phytosanitary compounds or can be purified by appropriate methods and obtain fractions with defined biological activity and / or specific compounds with specific biocidal activity.
    [0125]
    [0126] PREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION
    [0127]
    [0128] The present invention is described in detail from the examples presented below, which are not intended to be limiting of its scope:
    [0129]
    [0130] Example 1- Obtaining and identifying endophytic fungi
    [0131]
    [0132] The fungi included in the present invention were obtained from stems of Artemisia spp. collected in different parts of the world. Specifically, HTF58 Alternating alternata was obtained from stem samples of Artemisia thuscula collected in Tenerife (Mesa Mota), while HRO8 Fusarium acuminatum was obtained from stems of Austrian Artemisia collected in Romania (Corbu).
    [0133]
    [0134] The fresh plant material, selected for lack of signs of disease and / or pest attack, was surface sterilized with sterile water, then immersed in 70% ethanol for 1 minute, followed by immersion in 15% sodium hypochlorite for 1 minute , again in 70% ethanol for 1 minute and finally washed with sterilized distilled water. After this process, the plant material was dried on a sheet of sterile filter paper, excised with a sterile scalpel in 2 cm fragments and these finally cut longitudinally. The longitudinal section of these segments corresponding to the interior of the plant was placed in contact with the nutritive dextrose agar medium (PDA) in Petri dish and incubated at 25 ° C in the dark for 2 weeks with daily observation.
    [0135] The pure culture was obtained by isolating a colony individually and periodically replanning it for maintenance. Microscopic preparations were made with a methylene solution, following the protocols known to any expert in the field, in order to observe their morphological characteristics (hyphae, conidia and conidiophores).
    [0136]
    [0137] Fungi were identified at the molecular level based on the amplification and sequencing of the ribosomal ITS region of rDNA extracted from a mycelium sample (White et al., 1990, In: PCR-Protocols and Applications - A Laboratory Manual, pp.315- 322). The fungi were identified as A. alternata and F.acuminatum by comparison of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of the rDNA with those deposited on the BLASTN search website using the Megablast program provided by the NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) .
    [0138]
    [0139] Example 2- Cultivation and extraction
    [0140]
    [0141] The process detailed below was carried out for each of the strains of the invention.
    [0142] The culture was carried out in Petri dishes with PDA culture medium, at a constant temperature of 25 ° C, for 4-7 days for HRO8 F. acuminatum and 7-10 days for HTF58 A. alternata.
    [0143] A rice medium was prepared by mixing in 500 ml Erlenmeyer flasks, 120 g of rice and 30 ml of water, covered with cotton and aluminum foil and autoclaved (T = 121 ° C, 2 min). The flasks were inoculated with 3 - 5 mycelium discs for each of the endophytic fungi described in the present invention, sealed and incubated (T = 25 C, dark) for three weeks. Subsequently, 200 ml of ethyl acetate was poured onto the grains of rice covered with mycelium, sealed and allowed to stand for 24 hours. In the case of the endophyte fungus HRO8 (Fusarium acuminatum), greater inhibition of pathogen growth in ethanol (EtOH) was observed compared to ethyl acetate (EtOAc). Subsequently, methanol (MeOH) was used to observe if the increase in the inhibitory activity
    [0144]
    [0145] The product obtained from the culture was removed from the medium and filtered through filter paper (Whatman No. 1) by vacuum using a Buchner funnel. The extraction was repeated three times. The solvent was removed by evaporation under vacuum, using a Buchi® Vacuum Controller V-800 (350-100 mbar at T = 50 ° C). The extract was finally dried in a desiccator with orange silica gel (Sigma-Aldrich). Once dry, the extract was weighed and maintained at a temperature of 5 ° C. All the solvents used were of analytical quality.
    [0146]
    [0147] As described above, the components of the culture biomass of strain HTF58 (Alternaria alternata) were solubilized in ethyl acetate to obtain extract 1 (HTF58_1), active against Botrytis cinerea. While in the case of strain HRO8 (Fusarium acuminatum) were extracted with methanol to obtain extract 2 (HRO8_2), active against several species of the genus Alternaria spp., Fusarium spp. and Colletotrichum lundemuthianum.
    [0148] Example 3- Isolation and characterization of compounds with biocidal activity
    [0149]
    [0150] 3.1) Isolation of compounds with biocidal activity from the extract of HTF58_1 Alternaria alternata and HRO8_2 Fusarium acuminatum
    [0151]
    [0152] With each of the dry crude extracts obtained from both endophytic strains according to the previous example, a first fractionation was performed by vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC), using increasing polarity mixtures of n-hexane / ethyl acetate and ethyl acetate as eluent. ethyl / methanol giving rise to several fractions for each strain. From these fractions, the fraction that showed the best results in the bioassays for each of the described strains was continued successively, using different techniques such as column chromatography (CC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and / or preparative thin layer chromatography (PTLC).
    [0153]
    [0154] In the case of the HTF58 Alternaria alternata endophyte, the most active fraction obtained from extract HTF58_ 1 against Botryitis cinerea was HTF58_1_F1 (obtained with methanol), obtaining relevant results (% l = 96.49, at 0.1 mg / ml).
    [0155]
    [0156] As mentioned above, subsequent fractionation was carried out based on the results obtained in the bioassays and thin layer chromatography (TLC) and the final subfraction called HTF58_1_F1F1_A was obtained. This subfraction markedly inhibited the growth of Botrytis cinerea (see Table 5). The major compounds of this subfraction were analyzed and the results obtained can be found in the following section 3.2.
    [0157]
    [0158] For the HRO8 strain of Fusarium acuminatum, the methanolic extract 2 (HRO8_2) was subsequently fractionated. Specifically, the most active fraction of the HRO8_2 extract was the F1 (HRO8_2_F1). This fraction, eluted with ethyl acetate / methanol (9: 1), was tested against several pathogenic strains of Alternaria solani, Alternaria grandis, Alternaria linariae, Alternaria brassicicola, Alternaria dauci, Alternarai alternata, Fusarium graminarum, Fusarium culmorum and Colletotrichum lundemuthianum.
    [0159]
    [0160] An additional fractionation of HRO8_2_F1 produced an active subfraction against Alternaria alternata, HRO8_2_F1 F1. This subfraction was subsequently separated through HPLC (the mobile phases were milliQ water -A and methanol-B, the separation was reached at a flow rate of 0.5 ml / min with a gradient of 99% B to 100% B for 30 minutes) and produced two more subfractions, HRO8_2_F1F1_A and HRO8_2_F1F1 _B.
    [0161]
    [0162] The latter slightly increased its activity (% I = 58.74 mg / ml, at 0.05 mg / ml) when compared with the initial subfraction (% I = 40.23 mg / ml). Subfraction HRO8_2_F1F1 was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results obtained are presented in the following section (see Table 5).
    [0163]
    [0164] 3.2) Characterization of compounds with biocidal activity of HTF58 Alternaria alternata and HRO8 Fusarium acuminatum.
    [0165]
    [0166] Experimental techniques used
    [0167]
    [0168] Apart from the chromatographic techniques mentioned above, in the specific case of the characterization of compounds with biocidal activity from the extracts described here, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used together with the NIST library , to identify compounds by comparing mass spectra and retention times. The relative peak areas (RAs) of the individual metabolites are expressed in relation to the area of the total peak of the identified metabolites. Based on the peak resolution, their areas were calculated from the total ionic current. The areas of the resulting peaks were expressed in arbitrary units (u. A.) Of area.
    [0169]
    [0170] The analysis was carried out in GC-MS (Agilent Technologies 6890N) using the MassLynx 41 software (Waters). For this, 1 mg of sample was dissolved in 1 ml of analytical grade dichloromethane (Sigma-Aldrich). A SLBTM-5 ms column (30 m x 320 p.m. x 0.25 p.m., Supelco, Sigma-Aldrich) was used with helium as a carrier gas, at a flow rate of 1 ml / min with pressure at 11.654 psi. The conditions used were: Split (50: 1), GC oven temperature at T = 120 ° C for 2 min and programmed at 5 ° C / min at 130 ° C for 1 min; 5 ° C / min at 150 ° C for 2 min; 2 ° C / min at 180 ° C for 3 min; 2 ° C / min at 200 ° C for 3 min; 5 ° C / min at 240 ° C for 20 min (Chowdhary and Kaushik, 2015).
    [0171]
    [0172] Identified molecules
    [0173]
    [0174] Subfraction HTF58_1_F1F1_A was the most active of extract HTF58_1 of strain HTF58 of Alternaria alternata against the phytopathogen Botrytis cinerea. Additionally, this subfraction was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the results of which are presented below.
    [0175]
    [0176] Table 2. Identification of the compounds of subfraction HTF58_1_F1F1_A
    [0177]
    [0178]
    [0179]
    [0180]
    [0181] m / z: mass / number of charge; TR retention time, AP%: percentage of peak area The most abundant compounds were identified as 3, 6, 6-trimethylundecano-2,5,10 trione (AR% = 46,73) and cyclopropane, 1- (1 - hydroxy-1-heptyl) -2-methylene-3 pentyl (with AR% = 10.77). This subfraction was further purified but no separation of the two major compounds was obtained. It is unknown whether the activity of this fraction (% l = 96.98 against Botrytis cinerea at 0.1 mg / ml) is produced by only one or both of these compounds. The compounds obtained by GC-MS of subfraction HRO8_2_F1 F1 of the extract HRO8_2 of the HRO8 strain of Fusarium acuminatum are presented below:
    [0182] Table 3. Identification of the compounds of subfraction HRO8_2_F1F1 of extract HRO8_2 of strain HRO8 Fusarium acuminatum
    [0183]
    [0184]
    [0185]
    [0186]
    [0187] m / z: mass / load no. TR retention time. AP% peak area percentage
    [0188] The main peak was identified as butanamide, 2-hydroxy-N, 2,3,3-tetramethyl (TR = 36.75%). Two other bicyclo compounds [2. 2. 2] octane, 1, 2, 3, 6 tetramethyl and alkaloid pyrrolo [1,2-a] pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-3- (2-methylpropyl) - (3S, 8aS), also identified with relative abundance (RA) of 4.41% and 4.65, respectively (Table 3).
    [0189] Further purification of this subfraction provided two additional subfractions containing bicyclo [2. 2. 2] octane, 1, 2, 3, 6-tetramethyl with 13.68% of AR in the first subfraction (HRO8_2_F1F1_A) and butanamide, 2-hydroxy-N, 2,3,3-tetramethyl- with 80 , 11% of AR in the second subfraction (HRO8_2_F1F1_B).
    [0190] Example 4- Biocidal activity, bioassays and results
    [0191] 4.1) Antifungal activity by agar dilution tests
    [0192] Tests of antifungal activity were conducted against a series of phytopathogenic fungi selected on the basis of their different interactions with the host and their economic importance. All the data and characteristics of the strains are detailed below.
    [0193] Table 4. Pathogens used for antifungal activity tests
    [0194]
    [0195]
    [0196]
    [0197]
    [0198] For maintenance, the pathogenic strains were grown in PDA medium at 25 ° C, in the dark. To determine the fungicidal activity of the extracts described here against these pathogens, the following experiment was carried out:
    [0199] Extracts of endophytic fungi as a toxic food for pathogens: here are included the trials that evaluate the inhibitory potential of endophyte fungal metabolites against the growth of fungal pathogens. The methods used to obtain quantitative results were "dilution in agar" and "dilution in liquid medium".
    [0200] To determine the biological activity of the endophytic fungi extracts (also called EFE) on the growth of mycelia, tests were performed using the biometric dilution method on agar in 90 mm Petri dishes. The extracts were incorporated at 1, 0.5 and 0.1 mg / ml (decreasing the dose for cases of high activity). The final percentage of ethanol in the medium was adjusted to a concentration of 1% (v / v).
    [0201] For the agar dilution method, fungal pathogens were grown on plates with PDA medium and in the presence of the extract / fraction / sub-fraction of the endophyte for 2-7 days, depending on the specific growth rate (Botrytis cinerea-48 hours, Alternaria spp. , Fusarium spp. And Colletotrichum lundemuthianum-72 hours). Each pathogen was inoculated in PDA medium with 8 inoculum discs of the endophyte fungi at the previously defined concentrations, located at equidistant points of the Petri dish, using only the peripheries of the colony as an inoculum. As a negative control, plates with nutritive medium and ethanol, and rice extract (methanol and acetyl acetate) were used, and three repetitions were made per treatment.
    [0202] After incubation at 25 ° C, in the dark, for each extract and concentration, the inhibition of radial growth (% l) was calculated in comparison with the control. Radial growth was measured with image processing software Image J - Wayne Rasband (NIH). The Log-dose Probit regression model was used to obtain the concentration of the product that reduces mycelial growth by 50% (IC5o) where the dose-effect response was observed. All analyzes were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 21.0.
    [0203] - Results of the extract, fractions and subfractions of strain HTF58 on the inhibition of growth of B. cinerea:
    [0204] The results obtained are presented as a summary in the following table.
    [0205] Table 5. Percentage of growth inhibition of B cinerea by the extract HTF58_1 the fraction HTF58_1_F1, subfraction HTF58_1 _F1F1 and subfraction HTF58_1 _F1F1_A
    [0206]
    [0207]
    [0208]
    [0209] - Results of the HRO8_2 extract on the growth inhibition of Alternaria sp; Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium culmorum and Colletotríchum lundemuthianum:
    [0210] The methanolic extract HRO8_2 was initially tested against the battery of pathogens mentioned, at different concentrations, obtaining the following results.
    [0211] Table 6. Percentage of growth inhibition of pathogens by extract HRO8 2
    [0212]
    [0213]
    [0214] Table 6 (continued). Percentage of growth inhibition of pathogens by extract HRO8 2.
    [0215]
    [0216]
    [0217]
    [0218] In the case of the extract HRO8_2, it was observed that the most active fraction against these pathogens was F1 (HRO8_2_F1), with percentages of growth inhibition of the different pathogens, which are presented in the following tables (see below Table 7 and Table 8). Table 7. Inhibition of pathogen growth by HRO8_2_F1 of HRO8 2 extract at various concentrations.
    [0219]
    [0220]
    [0221]
    [0222] Table 8 Percentage of growth inhibition of different strains of Alternaria solani, Alternaria grandis and Alternaria linariae, by the fraction HRO8_2_F1 of the extract HRO8_2, at a concentration of 005 mg / ml
    [0223]
    [0224]
    [0225]
    [0226]
    [0227]
    [0228] Finally, from subfraction HRO8_2_F1F1, a percentage of growth inhibition of A. alternata of 40.23 (11.14) was obtained at a concentration of 0.05mg / ml.
    [0229]
    [0230] 4.2) Antifungal activity by liquid dilution tests
    [0231]
    [0232] Additionally, HRO8_2_F1 of extract HRO8_2 of strain HRO8 Fusarium acuminatum was evaluated against a wild strain of Alternaria brassicicola (Abra43), four null mutants thereof (AbNikl, AbFlogl, AbSch9 and AbAp1) and a strain of Alternaria dauci (Ad1). ) (facilitated by the laboratory of Dr. Philippe Simoneau, of the Faculty of Sciences-Biology, of the University of Angers, France) through nephelometry tests. The specific effects of a particular mutation and / or environment on different characteristics of fungal growth (retardation phase, growth rate and growth performance) can be observed using this technique.
    [0233]
    [0234] In our case, the dilution method of biometric liquids was used following the procedure described by Joubert et al., (2010, BioTechniques 48: 399-404), in the following way: conidia of Alternaria dauci, Alternaria brassicicola (Abra43) were collected. ) their null mutants AbFlogl, AbNikl, AbSch9 and AbAp1 from 7 days solid cultures adding PD broth (Sigma-Aldrich) followed by gentle scraping. The suspensions were counted in a Thoma chamber for Alternaria brassicicola and its disruptors and Alternaria daucí in a Malassez chamber.
    [0235]
    [0236] These suspensions were diluted to obtain the desired concentration (1x104 spores / ml of Alternaria dauci and 1x105 spores / ml of Alternaria brassicicola and its mutants). The microplate wells were filled with modified calibrated suspensions (300 μl / well). Negative controls were made by adding the relevant solvent (ethanol) and the positive control was performed using 125 μM of exposure to camalexin (Sellam et al., 2007, Plant Pathol, 56. 296 301).
    [0237]
    [0238] Growth was recorded for 33 hours at 25 ° C in a laser-based microplate nephelometer (NEPHELOstar, BMG Labtech). During the incubation, the microplates were shaken at 170 rpm for 5 min every 10 min. The measurements were made every hour with a gain value of 90 and a percentage of the maximum value of 20%. Each well was measured for 0.1 s with a laser beam focus of 2.5 mm. The data were exported from the Nephelostar Galaxy software in ASCII format and subsequently processed in Microsoft Excel 2010. Each treatment sample included three technical repetitions and two independent biological repeats. The time delay and maximum growth rate variables were calculated from the growth curves using a calculation method derived from those described for the yeast cultures by Warringer and Blomberg (Warringer, J., Blomberg, A., 2003, Yeast20, 53-67).
    [0239]
    [0240] Using nephelometry, the effects of extract HRO8_2 of Fusarium acuminatum (strain HRO8) and its fractions on Abra43 and its null mutants AbNik1, AbHog1, AbSch9 and AbAp1 were detected. The mutants were highly susceptible to the polar fraction HRO8_2_F1.
    [0241] The sensitivity of these null mutants to the compounds present in this fraction indicates toxicity exerted in A. brassicicola through osmotic stress (AbNik1 and AbSch9) and oxidative stress (Abhlog1 and AbAp1) (see results in Figures 1,2, 3, 4. 5 and 6 and in Table 9).
    [0242]
    [0243] Table 9. Antifungal activity of the HRO8_2_F1 fraction of the HRO8_2 extract in nephelometric assays against Alternaria dauci, Alternaria brassicicola (Abra43) and its mutants AbAp1, AbSch9, AbHog, AbNik.
    [0244]
    [0245]
    [0246]
    [0247]
    [0248] 4.3) Antifungal activity of oxidative stress (Reactive Oxygen Species, ROS)
    [0249]
    [0250] The inhibition of Alternaria brassicicola and its mutants due to the presence of the HRO8_2_F1 fraction of the HRO8 Fusarium acuminatum strain led us to suspect a possible generation of ROS. Two deficient mutants, AbHog and AbAp1, and their two main regulators of the oxidative stress response (for example the MAP kinase of AbHog and the transcription factor of AbAp1), were slightly more sensitive to the HRO8_2_F1 fraction (IC5o = 0.014 mg / ml and 0.017 mg / ml, respectively) than the wild type (IC50 = 0.026 mg ml-1).
    [0251] Conidia of the pathogenic fungal strain Alternaria brassicicola were exposed to the fraction HRO8_2_F1 obtained from the endophyte fungus HRO8 Fusarium acuminatum. Subsequently, to measure the hydrogen peroxide production of these pathogen cells, a solution 27'-dichlorodihydrofluoresceindiacetate (H2DCF-DA, Molecular Probes) (final concentration 1 juM) was used. Specifically, conidia cultivated 16 h in PD broth were used at T = 25 ° C, 150 rpm.
    [0252]
    [0253] Subsequently, to measure the production of hydrogen peroxide from these cells of the pathogen, a solution 2'7'-dichlorodihydrofluoresceindiacetate (H2DCF-DA, Molecular Probes) (final concentration 1 u M) was used. Specifically, conidia cultivated 16 h in PD broth were used at T = 25 ° C, 150 rpm. The suspensions were counted in a Thoma chamber for Alternaria brassicicola and then diluted to obtain the desired concentration (1 x 105 spores / ml). To the suspensions, 0.05 mg of the fraction HRO8_2_F1 of the extract HRO8_2 of the endophyte fungus of the invention F acuminatum (Strain HRO8) were added and three incubation times were performed: 30 min, 60 min and 120 min.
    [0254]
    [0255] The negative control was carried out by adding the relevant solvents (1% DMSO and 0.5% ethanol). The observations were made under a fluorescent microscope (Leica DM4500, Leica Microsystems, Axiovision Software) with the combinations of 480 nm excitation filters and emission wavelengths of 605 nm.
    [0256] The intracellular generation of oxidative products (ROS) was monitored in Abra43 and the ROS were detected in germinated conidia of 16 h of age after incubation at 50 pg / ml for 30, 60 and 120 minutes This suggests that the polar fraction HRO8_2_F1 has compounds that are potential inducers of intracellular ROS in A. brassicicola cells (see Figure 7).
    [0257] 4.4) In vivo tests
    [0258] The in vivo tests were limited to the study of the HRO8 strain of Fusarium acuminatum, and two different types of tests were carried out:
    [0259] 4.4 1) Interaction '' endophyte-plant-pathogen ".
    [0260] Seeds of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum, L.), cultivar "Black Apple Tomato" were obtained at the Center for the Conservation of Agricultural Biodiversity of Tenerife (CBTO 1518). The seeds were germinated on moist sterile paper inside glass plates covered with bell flasks (12-14 days). After three weeks the plants were transplanted individually. The substrate used for the first transplant contained sand-peat ("Universal substrate leader") pH 5 - 6.5, 100-300 mg 11 N, 100 - 300 mg 11 P205, 150 - 400 mg 11 K20, salts <1.5 g I - 1, Ostendorf Gartwerden) - humus ("Humus gomero", 24% organic matter, 1.85% N, 0.96% P, 0.17% Na, 0.75% K, 6.5 % of Ca. 0.8% of Mg,, 0.0037% of Cu, 0.028% of Mn) in equal parts. All the substrate ingredients were autoclaved and the pots were sterilized (15% NaOCI) and washed with water.
    [0261] After two weeks the seedlings were transplanted and treated with the first inoculum. The substrate used for the final transplant contained peat and humus (2: 1). The plants were separated in two trials: Treatment 1 (T1) - at the time of transplantation the roots were soaked in a solution of spores of the endophyte fungus HRO8 (1x106 ml-1) and Treatment 2 (T2) - at the time of transplantation Inoculated a solution of fungal endophytic spores in the soil. For T1 each seedling was previously immersed in sterile water and additionally introduced into a vial with 4 ml of spore solution (1x105 / ml) and left for one minute. Subsequently, the seedlings were planted individually and watered. For T2 the same concentration of spore solution was made and diluted 10 times with sterile water. After the seedlings were planted individually and irrigated sparingly, 10 ml of the diluted spore solution was added to the area closest to the seedling and watered again. A control was also maintained with plants without inoculum.
    [0262] Thirty days after the transplant, the plants from both trials (T1 PB30 and T2 PS30) were inoculated with the pathogenic fungal strain Alternaria altérnala. Each plant was micropulverized on the entire aerial surface with 4 ml of spore solution (1.8 x 105 conidia / plant) under the extractor hood. Two types of controls were maintained in both treatments: plants without inoculating the pathogen and plants inoculated with the pathogen but without inoculation of endophytic fungi.
    [0263] Sixty days after the transplant, another set of plants was subjected to the same treatments (T1 PB60 and T3 pS60); The same controls were maintained. Up to two months, the plants were irrigated with 200 ml of water / plant / 48 hours. After two months, the plants were irrigated with 300 ml of water / plant / 48 hours. Plants in general were kept at 25 ° C and with a photoperiod of 12 h (light / dark). Three months after the first transplant, the plants were studied with respect to their physiological measurements, and fungal isolation and subsequent analyzes were performed.
    [0264] All the plants were subjected to a fungal isolation test, treating the plant samples as in the case of a fungal isolation regardless of the appearance symptomatic or asymptomatic of alternariosis. Surface sterilization of plant fragments was performed as described above in Example 1, according to Cosoveanu et al. (2016, Mycosphere 7, 102-117). Each plant was separated into roots, stems and leaves. Roots and stems of different plant heights were selected: base, middle and apical. The leaves were selected in a similar way and an additional distinction was made between the base, the middle and the apical part of each base sheet / middle sheet / top sheet.
    [0265]
    [0266] Six root fragments and six stem fragments of each plant were planted, with two repetitions per height position. 18 fragments of leaves per plant were sown by selecting six fragments of each height position (base / middle / top). Subsequently, the six leaf fragments of each height position were divided into the base / middle / upper position with 2 repetitions each. The two selected final leaf fragments were one of the petiole and one of the leaf Each repeat fragment was selected from a different leaf and root. In total, 1290 fragments of all the plants were planted for the subsequent isolation of the endophyte fungus and the pathogen.
    [0267]
    [0268] For all the plants, the height, number and height of the internodes were measured, the number of flowers making a distinction between buds and flowering flowers and finally the number of leaves and leaflets. The fresh and dry weight of the plants was measured both in the aerial part and in the roots. The roots of the plants were washed and dried and then weighed. Fragments of the aerial part and the roots were dried for several days at T = 50 ° C to evaluate the dry weight. Observations of the symptoms were made on leaves and leaflets counting the leaflets with: chlorosis, chlorotic necrotic apex, chlorotic necrotic areas, necrotic areas.
    [0269]
    [0270] For all the data obtained (i.e. isolation and biometric measurements), the statistical significance was performed using the Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney tests. The analyzes were performed with the IBM SPSS Statistics 21.0 program.
    [0271]
    [0272] In relation to the plants with T1, the results obtained were inconclusive, since the growth of the plants could be affected by the manipulation of the roots during the development of the treatment. However, the T2 results indicated that the endophytic fungal strain Fusarium acuminatum HRO8 not only did not cause damage to the tomato plants when applied directly to the soil but also protected the host against Alternaria alternata.
    [0273]
    [0274] 4.4.2) Test "active extracts of the endophyte fungus (EHE) -seeds-pathogen": test of extract 2 of Fusarium acuminatum HRO8 on Alternaria brassicicola.
    [0275]
    [0276] In this experiment, seed contamination assessments were made with Alternaria brassicicola (Abra43) in seeds of commercial radish (Raphanus sativus variety "French breakfast 3"), in the presence of extracts of active endophytic fungi. The tests were performed according to lacomi-Vasilescu et al. (2004, Crop Prot. 23, 481-488)
    [0277]
    [0278] The seeds were first disinfected by immersion in 80% ethanol for 5 minutes, rinsed with sterile distilled water, then soaked for 1 hour in a calibrated spore suspension (105 spores / ml) and dried under the laminar flow hood on sterile filter paper. The radish seeds were soaked for 15 and 30 minutes in each extract of the endophyte fungus at a concentration of 1 mg / ml and dried in a laminar flow on sterile filter paper.
    [0279]
    [0280] For each extract / treatment, 100 seeds were tested in three replications. The negative control treatment was performed by soaking the seeds in sterilized distilled water. The experiment was carried out twice. The seeds were placed in aqueous agar medium (2% m / v) in Petri dishes and the developmental index (ID) and necrosis index (IN) was evaluated for 100 seeds after 7 days of incubation at 24 ° C in the dark.
    [0281]
    [0282] The stages of development were evaluated on a scale of 0 to 3 (0 = no germination, 1 = emergence of root, 2 = emergence of cotyledon, 3 = well-developed seed) (see Figure 8). The severity of the disease in the seedlings was evaluated using a scale of 0-9 (0 = no symptoms of disease, 1 = 1-2 mm of necrosis in the stem of the seedling, 3 = extension of the necrosis around the stem, 5 = one third of the root system or hypocotyl affected, 7 = the entire root system or affected aerial part and covered with spores, 9 = dead seedlings and covered with spores) (see Figure 9). The incidence of seedlings with typical necrosis was also analyzed: I = (degree of severity of the disease x No. of seedlings); The grade "0" was not considered.
    [0283]
    [0284] The efficacy of the treatment with HRO8_2 extract of the strain HRO8 Fusarium acuminatum on Alternaria brassicicola in the seedlings was calculated as: (incidence in the control control in the treatment / incidence in the control) x 100; (Sadda, N., Varma, R .. J. Indian bot. Soc. 94, 126-130, 2015.). The seeds were divided into five batches: DNT - untreated seeds disinfected, contaminated seeds disinfected with DC, treated seeds disinfected with DT (for 5 and 30 minutes), treated seeds contaminated with DCT (for 5 and 30 minutes); NDCT - seeds not disinfected or treated.
    [0285]
    [0286] The results indicate that after 30 minutes of incubation, the seedling necrosis rate was only 26% of the control group value of untreated seedlings. The development index was increased for both treatments (2.72 and 2.77 for 5 minutes and 30 minutes of incubation, respectively) compared to the value of the group of untreated seeds (1.57) (see Figure 10).
    [0287]
    [0288] Application of the invention and advantages over the current state of the art
    [0289]
    [0290] The extracts of endophytic fungi isolated from Artemisia spp, with biocidal activity described here, can be used alone or in combination with other compounds for the development and formulation of agricultural phytosanitary products.
    [0291]
    [0292] These extracts of the endophytic strains with biocidal activity described herein can be produced on a large scale by culturing the microorganism in bioreactors, which can then be used directly in the formulation of phytosanitary compounds or can be purified by appropriate methods and obtain fractions / molecules with a specific biological activity.
    [0293]
    [0294] It is important to clarify that throughout the description, the word "comprises" and its variants do not intend to exclude other technical characteristics. For the person skilled in the art, other aspects, advantages and characteristics of the invention will emerge partly from the description and partly from the practice of the invention. The examples are provided by way of illustration and are not intended to be limiting of the present invention.
    权利要求:
    Claims (7)
    [1]
    1. Product of cultivation of endophytic fungi of Artemisia spp., With biocidal activity of agricultural interest, characterized because the fungi are preferably HTF58 Alternaria alternata (CECT20971) and HRO8 Fusarium acuminatum (CECT20972), endophytes of Artemisia thuscula and Austrian Artemisia respectively.
    [2]
    2. Bioactive culture product according to claim 1 including the product obtained from each of the endophyte fungi as well as each of its fractions, subfractions or compounds obtained by the processes described.
    [3]
    3. Bioactive culture product according to claim 1 whose biocidal activity is exerted against phytopathogens of agricultural interest, preferably fungi.
    [4]
    4. The bioactive culture product according to claim 1, wherein the fungicidal activity is exerted against fungi, preferably against Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria altérnala. Alternate solani, Alternaria grandis, Alternaria dauci, Alternaria brassicicola, Alternaria linariae, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium culmorum and Colletotrichum lundemuthianum.
    [5]
    5. The bioactive culture product according to claim 1, wherein the antifungal activity is exerted by inhibiting the growth of the phytopathogenic fungus in question.
    [6]
    6. Use of the bioactive culture products of claim 1, of an extraction product, fraction, subfraction, or compound thereof, either alone or in combination, for the formulation of antifungal phytosanitary products.
    [7]
    7. Use of HRO8 Fusarium acuminatum ('CECT20972), as a microorganism that can be applied to the soil, either directly or through its formulation in an inert substance, for the protection of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum, L,) against the pathogenic fungus Alternaria alternata.
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    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    ES2696982B2|2019-05-30|
    引用文献:
    公开号 | 申请日 | 公开日 | 申请人 | 专利标题
    JP2001233721A|1999-12-14|2001-08-28|Nippon Soda Co Ltd|Method for controlling damage due to rice plant seed infectious disease and treatment solution for control|
    JP2003274931A|2002-03-26|2003-09-30|Nippon Soda Co Ltd|Method and medium for cultivation of microorganism belonging to genus fusarium|
    WO2008007251A2|2006-06-16|2008-01-17|Università Degli Studi di Udine|Antifungal compositions containing the endophyte fungus alternaria alternata and,or its metabolites, as antagonist agents of plasmopara viticola|
    CN102204570A|2011-04-08|2011-10-05|中国计量学院|Application of alternaria alternate metabolic products in cucumber rhizoctonia solani prevention and control|
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    ES201700680A|ES2696982B2|2017-07-21|2017-07-21|Endophytic fungi HTF58 Alternaria alternata and HRO8 Fusarium acuminatum from Artemisa thuscula and Artemisa austriaca as antifungals for agricultural use|ES201700680A| ES2696982B2|2017-07-21|2017-07-21|Endophytic fungi HTF58 Alternaria alternata and HRO8 Fusarium acuminatum from Artemisa thuscula and Artemisa austriaca as antifungals for agricultural use|
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